Communication keeps distant groups together although they may not be within close distances of each other. Among humans, gossip and language in general is also an important feature involved in fission-fusion. Groups may begin to split due to arguments and disagreements. Another example of a fission-fusion society in hunter-gatherer societies is communication among the group. In hunter-gatherer societies, humans form groups which are made up of several individuals that may split up to obtain different resources. Humans also form fission-fusion societies. When travelling, females are required to support their mid-sized infants by carrying them, and waiting for them if they've fallen behind. Mid-sized infants on the other hand, require the most energy. Carrying a small infant does not require much, and they become less dependent as they begin to wean. Females are required to carry their infants, and those with infants of mid-size experience greater costs than those of small sizes. Infant socialization also contains benefits as well as costs, due to their needs to be cared for. Mating opportunities are a large benefit of grouping, as parties are most substantial during high mating activity. Travel parties are established among this species inhabiting specifically in a Sumatran forest, and there are several benefits. Orangutans are one type of primates that model individual-based fission-fusion. So among chimpanzees, the abundance of food and how dense it may be are factors that contribute to the changes of subgroup sizes. If food is worth retrieving due to little travel costs, subgroup size will enlarge. When obtaining food, the size of subgroups can change depending on how much food is available and how far away the food may be. Primates Chimpanzees Ĭhimpanzees often form smaller subgroups when travelling for longer periods at a time in between each food patch. The change in composition, subgroup size, and dispersion of different groups are 3 main elements of a fission-fusion society. forest elephants, African elephants), and bats (e.g. chimpanzees, orangutans, and humans), elephants (e.g.
This social organization is found in several primates, elephants, cetaceans, ungulates, social carnivores, some birds and some fish.įission-fusion societies occur among many different species of primates (e.g. For species that live in fission–fusion societies, group composition is a dynamic property. sleeping in one place-or split (fission)-e.g. In ethology, a fission–fusion society is one in which the size and composition of the social group change as time passes and animals move throughout the environment animals merge into a group (fusion)-e.g.
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